INITIATED JULY 2018: This is a list of molecules that have been found in protoplanetary/circumstellar disks, such as TW Hydrae (above left) and HL Tauri (above right). The list below also includes isotopomeric variants that have been detected in protoplanetary disks. |
For background about chemistry in protoplanetary disks, see the archived presentation by Öberg et al. or the 2013 review paper by Henning & Semenov. | ||
Initial detections are given first; a number of surveys are given at the bottom of the page. |
INITIAL DETECTIONS | |||
---|---|---|---|
YEAR | SPECIES | CITATION | SOURCE AND LINES |
1993 | 13CO carbon monoxide |
A Rotating Gaseous Disk around the T Tauri Star GM Aurigae
D. W. Koerner, A. I. Sargent, and S. V. W. Beckwith. Icarus 106:2-10 (1993). |
GM Aurigae J = 2-1 (220.4 GHz) |
1997 | CN cyano radical |
Chemistry of protosolar-like nebulae: The molecular content of the DM Tau and GG Tau disks
A. Dutrey, S. Guilloteau, and M. Guélin. A&A 317:L55-L28 (1997). |
GG Tauri, DM Tauri 1-0 2-1 |
1997 | HCN hydrogen cyanide |
Chemistry of protosolar-like nebulae: The molecular content of the DM Tau and GG Tau disks
A. Dutrey, S. Guilloteau, and M. Guélin. A&A 317:L55-L28 (1997). |
GG Tauri, DM Tauri 1-0 3-2 |
1997 | HNC hydrogen isocyanide |
Chemistry of protosolar-like nebulae: The molecular content of the DM Tau and GG Tau disks
A. Dutrey, S. Guilloteau, and M. Guélin. A&A 317:L55-L28 (1997). |
GG Tauri, DM Tauri ??? |
1997 | CS carbon monosulfide |
Chemistry of protosolar-like nebulae: The molecular content of the DM Tau and GG Tau disks
A. Dutrey, S. Guilloteau, and M. Guélin. A&A 317:L55-L28 (1997). |
GG Tauri, DM Tauri 3-2 5-4 |
1997 | HCO+ protonated CO |
Chemistry of protosolar-like nebulae: The molecular content of the DM Tau and GG Tau disks
A. Dutrey, S. Guilloteau, and M. Guélin. A&A 317:L55-L28 (1997). |
GG Tauri, DM Tauri 1-0 3-2 |
1997 | N2H+ protonated N2 |
Chemistry of protosolar-like nebulae: The molecular content of the DM Tau and GG Tau disks
A. Dutrey, S. Guilloteau, and M. Guélin. A&A 317:L55-L28 (1997). |
GG Tauri, DM Tauri 1-0 |
1997 | H2CO formaldehyde |
Chemistry of protosolar-like nebulae: The molecular content of the DM Tau and GG Tau disks
A. Dutrey, S. Guilloteau, and M. Guélin. A&A 317:L55-L28 (1997). |
GG Tauri, DM Tauri 202-101 212-111 312-212 |
1997 | C2H ethynyl |
Chemistry of protosolar-like nebulae: The molecular content of the DM Tau and GG Tau disks
A. Dutrey, S. Guilloteau, and M. Guélin. A&A 317:L55-L28 (1997). |
DM Tauri 1-0 |
2001 | CO carbon monoxide |
H2 and CO emisision from disks around T Tauri and Herbig Ae pre-main sequence stars and from
debris disks around young stars: Warm and cold circumstellar gas
W. F. Thi, E. F. van Dishoeck, G. A. Blake, G. J. van Zadelhoff, J. Horn, E. E. Becklin, V. Mannings, A. I. Sargent, M. F. van den Ancker, A. Natta, and J. Kessler. ApJ 561:1074-1094 (2001). |
Multiple sources 3-2 6-5 |
2003 | DCO+ protonated CO |
Detection of DCO+ in a circumstellar disk
E. F. van Dishoeck, W.-F. Thi, and G.-J. van Zadelhoff. A&A 400:L1-L4 (2003). |
TW Hydrae J = 5-4 (360.169 GHz) |
2008 | DCN hydrogen cyanide |
Resolving the Chemistry in the Disk of TW Hydrae. I. Deuterated Species
C. Qi, D. J. Wilner, Y. Aikawa, G. A. Blake, and M. R. Hogerheijde. ApJ 681:1396-1407. |
TW Hydrae J = 3-2 (217.23863 GHz) |
2011 | H2O water |
Detection of the Water Reservoir in a Forming Planetary System
M. R. Hogerheijde, E. A. Bergin, C. Brinch, L. I. Cleeves, J. K. J. Fogel, G. A. Blake, C. Dominik, D. C. Lis, G. Melnick, D. Neufeld, O. Panić, J. C. Pearson, L. Kristensen, U. A. Yıldız, and E. F. van Dishoeck. Science 334:338-340 (2011). |
TW Hydrae 110-101 (ortho) 111-100 (para) |
2011 | H13CO+ protonated CO |
The Ionization Fraction in the DM Tau Protoplanetary Disk
K. I. Öberg, C. Qi, D. J. Wilner, and S. M. Andrews. ApJ 743:152 (2011). (first detection?) |
DM Tau J = 3-2 (260.255 GHz) |
2012 | HC3N cyanoacetylene |
Chemistry in Disks. VII. First Detection of HC3N in Protoplanetary Disks
E. Chapillon, A. Dutrey, S. Guilloteau, V. Piétu, V. Wakelam, F. Hersant, F. Gueth, T. Henning, R. Launhardt, K. Schreyer, and D. Semenov. ApJ 756:58 (2018). |
MWC 480... (16-15) (145.560 GHz) (12-11) (109.173 GHz) (10-9) (90.978 GHz) |
2013 | HD hydrogen |
An old disk still capable of forming a planetary system
E. A. Bergin, L. I. Cleeves, U. Gorti, K. Zhang, G. A. Blake, J. D. Green, S. M. Andrews, N. J. Evans II, T. Henning, K. Öberg, K. Pontoppidan, C. Qi, C. Salyk, and E. F. van Dishoeck. Nature 493:644-646 (2013). |
TW Hya 1-0 (~112 μm) |
2013 | SO sulfur monoxide |
A sensitive survey for 13CO, CN, H2CO, and SO in the disks of T Tauri and Herbig Ae stars
S. Guilloteau, E. Di Folco, A. Dutrey, M. Simon, N. Grosso, and V. Piétu. A&A 549, A92 (2013). Chemistry in disks. X. The molecular content of protoplanetary disks in Taurus S. Guilloteau, L. Reboussin, A. Dutrey, E. Chapillon, V. Wakelam, V. Piétu; E Di Folco, D. Semonov, and T. Henning. A&A 592:A125 (2016). |
Multiple sources 54-43 (206.176062 GHz) 65-54 (251.825816 GHz) 67-56 (261.843756 GHz) |
2013 | c-C3H2 cyclo- propenylidene |
First Detection of c-C3H2 in a Circumstellar Disk
C. Qi, K. I. Öberg, D. J. Wilner, and K. A. Rosenfeld. ApJL 765:L14 (2013). |
HD 163296 33,0-22,1 (216.279 GHz) 61,6-50,5/60,6-51,5 (217.822 GHz) 51,4-42,3 (217.940 GHz) |
2015 | CH3CN methyl cyanide |
The comet-like composition of a protoplanetary disk as revealed by complex cyanides
K. I. Öberg, V. V. Guzmán, K. Furuya, C. Qi, Y. Aikawa, S. M. Andrews, R. Loomis, and D. J. Wilner. Nature 520:198-200 (2015). |
MWC 480 140-130 (257.5274 GHz) 141-131 (257.5224 GHz) |
2015 | N2D+ protonated nitrogen |
Detection of N2D+ in a protoplanetary disk
J. Huang and K. I. Öber. ApJL 809:L26 (2015). |
AS 209 3-2 (231.39868 MHz) |
2015 | H13CN hydrogen cyanide |
Cyanide photochemistry and nitrogen fractionation in the MWC 480 disk
V. V. Guzmán, K. I. Öberg, R. Loomis, and C. Qi. ApJ 814:53 (2015). |
MWC 480 3-2 (259.0118 GHz) |
2015 | HC15N hydrogen cyanide |
Cyanide photochemistry and nitrogen fractionation in the MWC 480 disk
V. V. Guzmán, K. I. Öberg, R. Loomis, and C. Qi. ApJ 814:53 (2015). |
MWC 480 3-2 (258.1571 GHz) |
2016 | CH3OH methanol |
First Detection of Gas-phase Methanol in a Protoplanetary Disk
C. Walsh, R. A. Loomis, K. I. Öberg, M. Kama, M. L. R. van't Hoff, T. J. Millar, Y. Aikawa, E. Herbst, S. L. Widicus Weaver, and H. Nomura. ApJL 832:L10 (2016). |
TW Hydrae 7 lines |
2016 | NH3 ammonia |
First detection of gas-phase ammonia in a planet-forming disk. NH3, N2H+,
and H2O in the disk around TW Hydrae
V. N. Salinas, M. R. Hogerheijde, E. A. Bergin, L. I. Cleeves, C. Brinch, G. A. Blake, D. C. Lis, G. J. Melnick, O. Panić, J. C. Pearson, L. Kristensen, U. A. YIJldIJz, and E. F. van Dishoeck. A&A 591:A122 (2016). |
TW Hydrae 10-00 (572.49817 GHz) |
2017 | C15N cyano radical |
Direct evidence of multiple reservoirs of volatile nitrogen in a protosolar nebula analog
P. Hily-Blant, V. Magalhaes, J. Kastner, A. Faure, T. Forveille, and C. Qi. A&A 603:L6 (2017). |
TW Hydrae 3-2 with hyperfine |
2018 | t-HCOOH trans-formic acid |
First Detection of the Simplest Organic Acid in a Protoplanetary Disk
C. Favre, D. Fedele, D. Semenov, S. Parfenov, C. Codella, C. Ceccarelli, E. A. Bergin, E. Chapillon, L. Testi, F. Hersant, B. Lefloch, F. Fontani, G. A. Blake, L. I. Cleeves, C. Qi, K. R. Schwarz, and V. Taquet. ApJL 862:L2 (2018). |
TW Hydrae 6(1-6)5(1,5) (129 GHz) |
2018 | H2S hydrogen sulfide |
First detection of H2S in a protoplanetary disk. The dense GG Tauri A ring
N. T. Phuong, E. Chapillon, L. Majumdar, A. Dutrey, S. Guilloteau, V. Piétu, V. Wakelam, P. N. Diep, Y.-W. Tang, T. Beck, and J. Bary. A&A 616:L5 (2018). |
GG Tauri 11,0-10,1 |
2019 | 13CS carbon monosulfide |
Sulfur Chemistry in Protoplanetary Disks: CS and H2CS
R. Le Gal, K. I. Öberg, R. A. Loomis, J. Pegues, and J. B. Bergner. ApJ 876:72 (2019). |
LkCa 15 MWC 480 6-5 |
2019 | C34S carbon monosulfide |
Sulfur Chemistry in Protoplanetary Disks: CS and H2CS
R. Le Gal, K. I. Öberg, R. A. Loomis, J. Pegues, and J. B. Bergner. ApJ 876:72 (2019). |
LkCa 15 6-5 |
2019 | H2CS thioformaldehyde |
Sulfur Chemistry in Protoplanetary Disks: CS and H2CS
R. Le Gal, K. I. Öberg, R. A. Loomis, J. Pegues, and J. B. Bergner. ApJ 876:72 (2019). |
MWC 480 817-716 919-818 918-817 |
2019 | 13C17O carbon monoxide |
The First Detection of 13C17O in a Protoplanetary Disk: A Robust Tracer of Disk Gas Mass
A. S. Booth, C. Walsh, J. D. Ilee, S. Notsu, C. Qi, H. Nomura, and E. Akiyama. ApJL 882:L31 (2019). |
HD 163296 blend of 14 hyperfine transitions of J=3-2(321.851-321.852 GHz) |
2022 | HC18O+ protonated CO |
Detection of HC18O+ in a Protoplanetary Disk: Exploring Oxygen Isotope Fractionation
of CO
K. Furuya, T. Tsukagoshi, C. Qi, H. Nomura, L. I. Cleeves, S. Lee, and T. C. Yoshida. ApJ 926:148 (2022). |
TW Hydrae 4-3 (340.6329780 GHz) |
2022 | CH3OCH3 dimethyl ether |
A major asymmetric ice trap in a planet-forming disk - III. First detection of dimethyl ether
N. G. C. Brunken, A. S. Booth, M. Leemker, P. Nazari, N. van der Marel, and E. F. van Dishoeck. A&A 659:A29 (2022). |
Oph IRS 48 various lines |
2023 | 13CO2 carbon dioxide |
MINDS. The Detection of 13CO2 with JWST-MIRI Indicates Abundant CO2 in a
Protoplanetary Disk
S. L. Grant, E. F. van Dishoeck, B. Tabone, D. Gasman, T. Henning, I. Kamp, M. Güdel, P.-O. Lagage, G. Bettoni, G. Perotti, V. Christiaens, M. Samland et al. ApJL 947:L6 (2023). |
GW Lup Q-branch lines |
2023 | C6H6 benzene |
A rich hydrocarbon chemistry and high C to O ratio in the inner disk around a very low-mass star
B. Tabone, G. Bettoni, E. F. van Dishoeck, A. M. Arabhavi, S. Grant, D. Gasman, T. Henning, I. Kamp, M. Güdel, P. O. Lagage, T. Ray, B. Vandenbussche et al. Nat Astron 7:805-814 (2023). |
J160532 Q-branch lines |
2023 | C4H2 diacetylene |
A rich hydrocarbon chemistry and high C to O ratio in the inner disk around a very low-mass star
B. Tabone, G. Bettoni, E. F. van Dishoeck, A. M. Arabhavi, S. Grant, D. Gasman, T. Henning, I. Kamp, M. Güdel, P. O. Lagage, T. Ray, B. Vandenbussche et al. Nat Astron 7:805-814 (2023). |
J160532 Q-branch lines |
2023 | CH3+ methyl cation |
Formation of the methyl cation by photochemistry in a protoplanetary disk
O. Berné, M.-A. Martin-Drumel, I. Schroetter, J. R. Goicoechea, U. Jacovella, B. Gans, E. Dartois, L. H. Coudert, E. Bergin, F. Alarcon, J. Cami, E. Roueff, J. H. Black, O. Asvany, E. Habart, E. Peeters, A. Canin, B. Trahin, C. Joblin, S. Schlemmer, S. Thorwirth, J. Cernicharo, M. Gerin, A. Tielens, M. Zannese et al. Nature 621:56-59 (2023). |
d203-506 ro-vibrational structure of v2 and v4 transitions |
SURVEYS | |||
---|---|---|---|
YEAR | SPECIES | CITATION | SOURCES |
2010 | H2O OH C2H2 HCN CO2 |
A Spitzer Survey of Mid-infrared Molecular Emission from Protoplanetary Disks. I. Detection Rates.
K. M. Pontoppidan, C. Salyk, G. A. Blake, R. Meijerink, J. S. Carr, and J. Najita. ApJ 720:887 (2010). |
48 T Tauri stars 25 Herbig Ae/Be stars |
2011 | H2O OH C2H2 HCN CO2 |
A Spitzer Survey of Mid-infrared Molecular Emission from Protoplanetary Disks. II. Correlations and
Local Thermal Equilibrium Models
C. Salyk, K. M. Pontoppidan, G. A. Blake, J. R. Najita, and J. S. Carr. ApJ 731:130 (2011). |
48 T Tauri stars 25 Herbig Ae/Be stars |
2020 | H2CO |
An ALMA Survey of H2CO in Protoplanetary Disks
J. Pegues, K. I. Öberg, J. B. Bergner, R. A. Loomis, C. Qi, R. Le Gal, L. I. Cleeves, V. V. Guzmán, J. Huang, J. K. Jørgensen, S. M. Andrews, G. A. Blake, J. M. Carpenter, K. R. Schwarz, J. P. Williams, and D. J. Wilner. ApJ 890:142 (2020). |
15 disks |
2020 | HCN |
Probing UV-sensitive Pathways for CN and HCN Formation in Protoplanetary Disks with the Hubble Space
Telescope
N. Arulanantham, K. France, P. Cazzoletti, A. Miotello, C. F. Manara, P. C. Schneider, K. Hoadley, E. F. van Dishoeck, and H. M. Günther. AJ 159:168 (2020). |
5 Lup and 14 Tau-Aur disks |
2020 | H2O HCN C2H2 CO2 |
Hints for Icy Pebble Migration Feeding an Oxygen-rich Chemistry in the Inner Planet-forming Region of Disks
A. Banzatti, I. Pascucci, A. D. Bosman, P. Pinilla, C. Salyk, G. J. Herczeg, K. M. Pontoppidan, I. Vazquez, A. Watkins, S. Krijt, N. Hendler, and F. Long. ApJ 903:124 (2020). |
63 disks |
2020 | H2CS |
ALMA chemical survey of disk-outflow sources in Taurus (ALMA-DOT) - IV. Thioformaldehyde (H2CS)
in protoplanetary discs: spatial distributions and binding energies
C. Codella, L. Podio, A. Garufi, J. Perrero, P. Ugliengo, D. Fedele, C. Favre, E. Bianchi, C. Ceccarelli, S. Mercimek, F. Bacciotti, K. L. J. Rygl, and L. Testi. A&A 644:A120 (2020). |
5 Tau disks |
2021 | 12CO 13CO C18O C2H H2CO HCN DCN |
An Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array Survey of Chemistry in Disks around M4-M5 Stars
J. Pegues, K. I. Öberg, J. B. Bergner, J. Huang, I. Pascucci, R. Teague, S. M. Andrews, . A. Bergin, L. I. Cleeves, V. V. Guzmán, F. Long, C. Qi, and D. J. Wilner. ApJ 911:150 (2021). |
5 disks |
2021 | 12CO 13CO C18O |
An ALMA Survey of Protoplanetary Disks in Lynds 1641
S. L. Grant, C. C. Espaillat, J. Wendeborn, J. J. Tobin, E. Macías, A. Rilinger, Á. Ribas, S. T. Megeath, W. J. Fischer, N. Calvet, and K. H. Kim. ApJ 913:123 (2021). |
101 disks |
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