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JULY 2018: This is a list of molecules that have been found in protoplanetary/circumstellar disks, such as TW Hydrae (above left) and HL Tauri (above right). Due to the small number of species detected in protoplanetary disks to date, the list below includes isotopomeric variants that have been detected. |
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For background about chemistry in protoplanetary disks, see the archived presentation by Öberg et al. or the 2013 review paper by Henning & Semenov. |
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YEAR | SPECIES | CITATION | SOURCE AND LINES |
1993 | 13CO 13C-CO |
A Rotating Gaseous Disk around the T Tauri Star GM Aurigae
D. W. Koerner, A. I. Sargent, and S. V. W. Beckwith. Icarus 106:2-10 (1993). |
GM Aurigae J = 2-1 (220.4 GHz) |
---|---|---|---|
1997 | CN cyano |
Chemistry of protosolar-like nebulae: The molecular content of the DM Tau and GG Tau disks
A. Dutrey, S. Guilloteau, and M. Guélin. A&A 317:L55-L28 (1997). |
GG Tauri, DM Tauri 1-0 2-1 |
1997 | HCN hydrogen cyanide |
Chemistry of protosolar-like nebulae: The molecular content of the DM Tau and GG Tau disks
A. Dutrey, S. Guilloteau, and M. Guélin. A&A 317:L55-L28 (1997). |
GG Tauri, DM Tauri 1-0 3-2 |
1997 | HNC hydrogen isocyanide |
Chemistry of protosolar-like nebulae: The molecular content of the DM Tau and GG Tau disks
A. Dutrey, S. Guilloteau, and M. Guélin. A&A 317:L55-L28 (1997). |
GG Tauri, DM Tauri ??? |
1997 | CS carbon monosulfide |
Chemistry of protosolar-like nebulae: The molecular content of the DM Tau and GG Tau disks
A. Dutrey, S. Guilloteau, and M. Guélin. A&A 317:L55-L28 (1997). |
GG Tauri, DM Tauri 3-2 5-4 |
1997 | HCO+ protonated CO |
Chemistry of protosolar-like nebulae: The molecular content of the DM Tau and GG Tau disks
A. Dutrey, S. Guilloteau, and M. Guélin. A&A 317:L55-L28 (1997). |
GG Tauri, DM Tauri 1-0 3-2 |
1997 | N2H+ protonated N2 |
Chemistry of protosolar-like nebulae: The molecular content of the DM Tau and GG Tau disks
A. Dutrey, S. Guilloteau, and M. Guélin. A&A 317:L55-L28 (1997). |
GG Tauri, DM Tauri 1-0 |
1997 | H2CO formaldehyde |
Chemistry of protosolar-like nebulae: The molecular content of the DM Tau and GG Tau disks
A. Dutrey, S. Guilloteau, and M. Guélin. A&A 317:L55-L28 (1997). |
GG Tauri, DM Tauri 202-101 212-111 312-212 |
1997 | C2H ethynyl |
Chemistry of protosolar-like nebulae: The molecular content of the DM Tau and GG Tau disks
A. Dutrey, S. Guilloteau, and M. Guélin. A&A 317:L55-L28 (1997). |
DM Tauri 1-0 |
2001 | CO carbon monoxide |
H2 and CO emisision from disks around T Tauri and Herbig Ae pre-main sequence stars and from
debris disks around young stars: Warm and cold circumstellar gas
W. F. Thi, E. F. van Dishoeck, G. A. Blake, G. J. van Zadelhoff, J. Horn, E. E. Becklin, V. Mannings, A. I. Sargent, M. F. van den Ancker, A. Natta, and J. Kessler. ApJ 561:1074-1094 (2001). |
Multiple sources 3-2 6-5 |
2003 | DCO+ D-HCO+ |
Detection of DCO+ in a circumstellar disk
E. F. van Dishoeck, W.-F. Thi, and G.-J. van Zadelhoff. A&A 400:L1-L4 (2003). |
TW Hydrae J = 5-4 (360.169 GHz) |
2008 | DCN D-HCN |
Resolving the Chemistry in the Disk of TW Hydrae. I. Deuterated Species
C. Qi, D. J. Wilner, Y. Aikawa, G. A. Blake, and M. R. Hogerheijde. ApJ 681:1396-1407. |
TW Hydrae J = 3-2 (217.23863 GHz) |
2011 | H2O water ![]() |
Detection of the Water Reservoir in a Forming Planetary System
M. R. Hogerheijde, E. A. Bergin, C. Brinch, L. I. Cleeves, J. K. J. Fogel, G. A. Blake, C. Dominik, D. C. Lis, G. Melnick, D. Neufeld, O. Panić, J. C. Pearson, L. Kristensen, U. A. Yıldız, and E. F. van Dishoeck. Science 334:338-340 (2011). |
TW Hydrae 110-101 (ortho) 111-100 (para) |
2011 | H13CO+ 13C-HCO+ |
The Ionization Fraction in the DM Tau Protoplanetary Disk
K. I. Öberg, C. Qi, D. J. Wilner, and S. M. Andrews. ApJ 743:152 (2011). (first detection?) |
DM Tau J = 3-2 (260.255 GHz) |
2012 | HC3N cyanoacetylene ![]() |
Chemistry in Disks. VII. First Detection of HC3N in Protoplanetary Disks
E. Chapillon, A. Dutrey, S. Guilloteau, V. Piétu, V. Wakelam, F. Hersant, F. Gueth, T. Henning, R. Launhardt, K. Schreyer, and D. Semenov. ApJ 756:58 (2018). |
MWC 480... (16-15) (145.560 GHz) (12-11) (109.173 GHz) (10-9) (90.978 GHz) |
2013 | HD D-H2 |
An old disk still capable of forming a planetary system
E. A. Bergin, L. I. Cleeves, U. Gorti, K. Zhang, G. A. Blake, J. D. Green, S. M. Andrews, N. J. Evans II, T. Henning, K. Öberg, K. Pontoppidan, C. Qi, C. Salyk, and E. F. van Dishoeck. Nature 493:644-646 (2013). |
TW Hya 1-0 (~112 μm) |
2013 | SO sulfur monoxide |
A sensitive survey for 13CO, CN, H2CO, and SO in the disks of T Tauri and Herbig Ae stars
S. Guilloteau, E. Di Folco, A. Dutrey, M. Simon, N. Grosso, and V. Piétu. A&A 549, A92 (2013). Chemistry in disks. X. The molecular content of protoplanetary disks in Taurus S. Guilloteau, L. Reboussin, A. Dutrey, E. Chapillon, V. Wakelam, V. Piétu; E Di Folco, D. Semonov, and T. Henning. A&A 592:A125 (2016). |
Multiple sources 54-43 (206.176062 GHz) 65-54 (251.825816 GHz) 67-56 (261.843756 GHz) |
2013 | c-C3H2 cyclo- propenylidene ![]() |
First Detection of c-C3H2 in a Circumstellar Disk
C. Qi, K. I. Öberg, D. J. Wilner, and K. A. Rosenfeld. ApJL 765:L14 (2013). |
HD 163296 33,0-22,1 (216.279 GHz) 61,6-50,5/60,6-51,5 (217.822 GHz) 51,4-42,3 (217.940 GHz) |
2015 | CH3CN methyl cyanide ![]() |
The comet-like composition of a protoplanetary disk as revealed by complex cyanides
K. I. Öberg, V. V. Guzmán, K. Furuya, C. Qi, Y. Aikawa, S. M. Andrews, R. Loomis, and D. J. Wilner. Nature 520:198-200 (2015). |
MWC 480 140-130 (257.5274 GHz) 141-131 (257.5224 GHz) |
2015 | N2D+ D+-N2 |
Detection of N2D+ in a protoplanetary disk
J. Huang and K. I. Öber. ApJL 809:L26 (2015). |
AS 209 3-2 (231.39868 MHz) |
2015 | H13CN 13C-HCN |
Cyanide photochemistry and nitrogen fractionation in the MWC 480 disk
V. V. Guzmán, K. I. Öberg, R. Loomis, and C. Qi. ApJ 814:53 (2015). |
MWC 480 3-2 (259.0118 GHz) |
2015 | HC15N 15N-HCN |
Cyanide photochemistry and nitrogen fractionation in the MWC 480 disk
V. V. Guzmán, K. I. Öberg, R. Loomis, and C. Qi. ApJ 814:53 (2015). |
MWC 480 3-2 (258.1571 GHz) |
2016 | CH3OH methanol ![]() |
First Detection of Gas-phase Methanol in a Protoplanetary Disk
C. Walsh, R. A. Loomis, K. I. Öberg, M. Kama, M. L. R. van't Hoff, T. J. Millar, Y. Aikawa, E. Herbst, S. L. Widicus Weaver, and H. Nomura. ApJL 832:L10 (2016). |
TW Hydrae 7 lines |
2016 | NH3 ammonia ![]() |
First detection of gas-phase ammonia in a planet-forming disk. NH3, N2H+,
and H2O in the disk around TW Hydrae
V. N. Salinas, M. R. Hogerheijde, E. A. Bergin, L. I. Cleeves, C. Brinch, G. A. Blake, D. C. Lis, G. J. Melnick, O. Panić, J. C. Pearson, L. Kristensen, U. A. YIJldIJz, and E. F. van Dishoeck. A&A 591:A122 (2016). |
TW Hydrae 10-00 (572.49817 GHz) |
2017 | C15N 15N-CN |
Direct evidence of multiple reservoirs of volatile nitrogen in a protosolar nebula analog
P. Hily-Blant, V. Magalhaes, J. Kastner, A. Faure, T. Forveille, and C. Qi. A&A 603:L6 (2017). |
TW Hydrae 3-2 with hyperfine |
2018 | t-HCOOH trans-formic acid ![]() |
First Detection of the Simplest Organic Acid in a Protoplanetary Disk
C. Favre, D. Fedele, D. Semenov, S. Parfenov, C. Codella, C. Ceccarelli, E. A. Bergin, E. Chapillon, L. Testi, F. Hersant, B. Lefloch, F. Fontani, G. A. Blake, L. I. Cleeves, C. Qi, K. R. Schwarz, and V. Taquet. ApJL 862, L2 (2018). |
TW Hydrae 6(1-6)5(1,5) (129 GHz) |
2018 | H2S hydrogen sulfide ![]() |
First detection of H2S in a protoplanetary disk. The dense GG Tauri A ring
N. T. Phuong, E. Chapillon, L. Majumdar, A. Dutrey, S. Guilloteau, V. Piétu, V. Wakelam, P. N. Diep, Y.-W. Tang, T. Beck, and J. Bary. A&A 616, L5 (2018). |
GG Tauri 11,0-10,1 |
2019 | 13CS carbon monosulfide |
Sulfur Chemistry in Protoplanetary Disks: CS and H2CS
R. Le Gal, K. I. Öberg, R. A. Loomis, J. Pegues, and J. B. Bergner. ApJ 876, 72 (2019). |
LkCa 15 MWC 480 6-5 |
2019 | C34S carbon monosulfide |
Sulfur Chemistry in Protoplanetary Disks: CS and H2CS
R. Le Gal, K. I. Öberg, R. A. Loomis, J. Pegues, and J. B. Bergner. ApJ 876, 72 (2019). |
LkCa 15 6-5 |
2019 | H2CS thioformaldehyde |
Sulfur Chemistry in Protoplanetary Disks: CS and H2CS
R. Le Gal, K. I. Öberg, R. A. Loomis, J. Pegues, and J. B. Bergner. ApJ 876, 72 (2019). |
MWC 480 817-716 919-818 918-817 |
2019 | 13C17O 13C-,17O-CO |
The First Detection of 13C17O in a Protoplanetary Disk: A Robust Tracer of Disk Gas Mass
A. S. Booth, C. Walsh, J. D. Ilee, S. Notsu, C. Qi, H. Nomura, and E. Akiyama. ApJL 882:L31 (2019). |
HD 163296 blend of 14 hyperfine transitions of J=3-2(321.851-321.852 GHz) |
2022 | HC18O+ 18O-HCO+ |
Detection of HC18O+ in a Protoplanetary Disk: Exploring Oxygen Isotope Fractionation
of CO
K. Furuya, T. Tsukagoshi, C. Qi, H. Nomura, L. I. Cleeves, S. Lee, and T. C. Yoshida. ApJ 926, 148 (2022). |
TW Hydrae 4-3 (340.6329780 GHz) |
2022 | CH3OCH3 dimethyl ether |
A major asymmetric ice trap in a planet-forming disk - III. First detection of dimethyl ether
N. G. C. Brunken, A. S. Booth, M. Leemker, P. Nazari, N. van der Marel, and E. F. van Dishoeck. A&A 659, A29 (2022). |
Oph IRS 48 various lines |
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